If you are under age 59½ and you converted your traditional IRA to a Roth IRA, you will need to watch out for the five-year rule for penalty-free distributions of converted funds. Not understanding how the rule works can result in unexpected penalties when you withdraw your Roth IRA funds. Here are five things you need to know:

Excess IRA contributions occur for many reasons, like making a contribution without eligible compensation, accidentally exceeding the Roth IRA phase-out limits, rolling over a required minimum distribution (RMD), etc. Excess contributions to 401(k) plans can also occur. A plan participant might contribute to one plan, quit, get a new job, and then inadvertently exceed the combined annual deferral limits to plan #2 at the new job. Regardless of why an excess happened in either an IRA or a 401(k), the correction methods between the two are drastically different.

The year 2025 was filled with many significant events, from ushering in a new president, to a brief but alarming market correction. Overall, it proved to be a great year for investors. Investors enjoyed strong returns, and major indexes reached multiple new highs. The Fed’s decision to lower interest rates in the latter half of the year, a continued healthy and resilient economy, and strong corporate earnings fueled positive investor sentiment.